Fundoplication

<p><b>Fundoplication (anti-reflux surgery):</b> A surgical technique that strengthens the barrier to acid <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5269">reflux</a> when the lower <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3314">esophageal</a> sphincter does not work normally and there is gastro-esophageal reflux.
<p>Fundoplication has been the standard surgical method for treating <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3585">gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)</a>. GERD is the constellation of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3979">inflammation</a>, pain (<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3671">heartburn</a>), and complications that results when acid refluxes (regurgitates) from the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5560">stomach</a> back up into the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3326">esophagus</a>. Under normal conditions, there is a barrier to <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10173">acid reflux</a>. One part of this barrier is the lower-most muscle of the esophagus (called the lower esophageal sphincter) which is contracted and closes off the esophagus from the stomach most of the time. In people with GERD, the sphincter does not work normally. It is weak or relaxes inappropriately, permitting the acid from the stomach to go back up into the esophagus.</p>
During the fundoplication procedure, the part of the stomach that is closest
to the entry of the
esophagus (the fundus of the stomach) is gathered, wrapped, and sutured
(sewn)
around the lower end of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter.
(The gathering and suturing of one tissue to another is called plication.)
This procedure increases the pressure at the lower end of the esophagus and
thereby
reduces acid reflux.
<P>
Also, during fundoplication, other surgical steps are frequently taken that
also
may reduce acid reflux. For instance, if the patient has a hiatal hernia
(which occurs in 80% of patients with GERD), the hernial sac may
be pulled down from the chest and sutured so that it remains within the
abdomen. Additionally, the opening in the diaphragm through which the
esophagus passes
from the chest into the abdomen may also be tightened. Fundoplication may be
done using a large incision (laparotomy or thoracotomy) or a
laparoscope, which requires only several small punctures in the abdomen.
The
advantage of the laparoscopic method is a speedier recovery and less
post-operative pain.

<P>

Although fundoplication is the standard method for treating GERD, it
presently is being challenged by endoscopic methods. Endoscopy utilizes
endoscopes, which are long flexible tubes that are swallowed by patients.
The inside
of the esophagus can be viewed through the endoscope and various
instruments can be passed through channels in the endoscope. In one
endoscopic method for treating GERD, an instrument is inserted that delivers
an
electrical current to the lower esophageal sphincter. This results in
scarring, which tightens the sphincter. In another method, sutures are
placed in the sphincter to tighten the sphincter. Both methods reduce acid
reflux.
<P>
Endoscopic methods offer a simpler way of treating GERD than
fundoplication. However, it is too early to say how effective, safe, or
long-lasting the endoscopic methods will be.
</P>
<p>The term <i>fundoplication</i> is composed of <i>fundo-</i>, referring to the fundus (the upper portion) of the stomach + <i>-plication</i>, an operation for reducing the size of a hollow organ (in this case, the stomach) by taking folds or tucks in its walls.</p>
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Gelineau syndrome

<p><b>Gelineau syndrome:</b> A neurological disorder marked by a sudden recurrent uncontrollable compulsion to <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6177">sleep</a>. Named for a French neurologist, JBE Gelineau (1859-1906). Also known as narcolepsy.</p>
<P>The disorder is often associated with cataplexy (a sudden loss of muscle tone and paralysis of voluntary muscles associated with a strong emotion), <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6177">sleep</a> paralysis (immobility of the body that occurs in the transition from sleep to wakefulness), what are called hypnagogic hallucinations (pre-sleep dreams) and automatic behaviors (such as doing something "automatically" and not remembering afterwards how one did it).</P>
<P>125,000 Americans are estimated to have narcolepsy. It strikes males and females and all races. Symptoms most commonly appear in a person's <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2001">teens</a> and early twenties. The disease can vary in severity. Some persons with it have mild sleepiness or rare cataplexy (less than one episode per week). Other persons may have moderate sleepiness or infrequent cataplexy (less than one episode a day). Still other persons with narcolepsy may experience severe sleepiness or have severe cataplexy (with one or more episodes of cataplexy per day).</p>
<P>The cause(s) of narcolepsy are unknown. It is not a fatal disorder in itself but it can lead to fatalities. For example, a narcoleptic may fall asleep while driving.</p>
<P>Narcolepsy is usually treated with a medication to improve alertness and an anti-depressant that helps control cataplexy. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1998 approved Provigil (modafinil), a non-amphetamine drug for treating the excessive sleepiness of narcolepsy.</P>
<P>Other names for this disorder include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), hypnolepsy, sleeping disease, and paroxysmal sleep.</P>
<br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

Ataxia-telangiectasia

<p><b>Ataxia-telangiectasia:</b> A <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10697">progressive</a> neurodegenerative <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3573">genetic</a> disease characterized by cerebellar <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2375">ataxia</a> (incoordination and lack of balance), ocular telangiectasia ("red eyes" due to widening of small blood vessels in the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9893">conjunctiva</a>), immune defects, and a predisposition to malignancy. Chromosomal breakage is a feature. Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) cells are abnormally sensitive to killing by ionizing radiation.

<p>A-T becomes evident in early childhood, usually in the first decade of life. The hallmarks of A-T are lack of balance and slurred speech (due to the ataxia) and telangiectasias (tiny red "spider" veins), which appear in the whites of the eyes or on the surface of the ears and cheeks.
<p>People with A-T are predisposed to <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4140">leukemia</A> and <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4225">lymphoma</a>. They are also extremely sensitive to <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11946">radiation</a> exposure. Most people with A-T have a defective <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3907">immune system</a>, making them susceptible to <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5258">recurrent</a> sinus and <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5329">respiratory</a> infections. Other features of the disease may include <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2974">diabetes mellitus</a>, premature graying of the hair, difficulty swallowing (which causes <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8539">choking</a> and drooling), and slowed growth.
Children with A-T usually have and maintain normal or above normal intelligence.

<p>There is no cure for A-T and, currently, there is no known therapy to slow the progression of the disease. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Physical and occupational <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10897">therapy</a> may help maintain flexibility. <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11252">Speech therapy</a> may also be useful. Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) injections may help supplement the defective <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3905">immune</a> system. High-dose vitamin regimes have been tried. The <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5061">prognosis</a> (outlook) for people with A-T is poor. Those with the disease usually die in their teens or early 20s.

<p>A-T is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with both parents contributing a gene for A-T to the affected child. The <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3560">gene</a> is on <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=14018">chromosome</a> 11. It is called <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33058">ATM</a> (which stands for ataxia-telangiectasia mutated). ATM encodes a protein that is predominantly confined to the nucleus of cells and that remains constant throughout all stages of the cell cycle. A disorder called the Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS1) is similar to A-T. The ATM and NBS1 genes appear to be in a common signaling pathway that choreographs the cell's responses to genomic damage.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33058">ATM</a>.</p>


<br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

FluWatch reports: 2006-2007 Season April 15, 2007 to April 21, 2007 (Week 16)

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Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (KTW) syndrome

<p><b>Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (KTW) syndrome:</b> A congenital malformation
syndrome characterized by the triad of asymmetric limb hypertrophy, hemangiomata, and
nevi. "Asymmetric limb hypertrophy" is enlargement of one limb and not the
corresponding limb on the other side, the enlarged limb being 3 times more likely to be a
leg than an arm in KTW; and the limb enlargement is of bone as well as soft tissue. The
hemangiomas, abnormal nests of blood vessels that proliferate inappropriately and
excessively, cover a remarkable range from small innocuous capillary hemangiomas
("strawberry marks") to huge cavernous hemangiomas. The nevi are pigmented moles
on the skin; in KTW there are often also dark linear streaks on the skin, streaks due to
too much pigment. There can be other abnormalities but the triad is the consistent
clinical centerpiece of the disease. Most persons with KTW have an enlarged leg and do
relatively well without treatment or, for example, with only compression from an elastic
stocking. Skin ulcers and other skin problems can occur over the swollen leg. Usually, the
treatment is conservative. Surgery is almost never needed. The only possible exceptions
are the very rare situations in which the leg reaches gigantic proportions or secondary
clotting difficulties arise (due to trapping and destruction of blood platelets in a huge
hemangioma). Then, amputation may become necessary. The cause of KTW syndrome is unknown.</p>
<br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

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Polycystic kidney disease

<p><b>Polycystic kidney disease:</b> One of the genetic disorders
characterized by the development of innumerable cysts in the kidneys. These cysts are filled with fluid, and replace much of the mass of the kidneys. This reduces kidney function, leading to kidney
failure.</p>
<p>There are two major genetic forms of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=447">polycystic kidney disease</a> that are inherited differently and tend to strike at different ages and proceed at different speeds:
<ul>
<li>Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease -- also known as adult polycystic kidney disease.
</ul><ul>
<li>Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease -- also known as juvenile polycystic kidney disease.
</ul>
<p>Polycystic kidney disease can be diagnosed by ultrasound imaging and by CAT or MRI scan. Treatment involves managing pain and treating infections, high blood pressure, and kidney failure.</p> <br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

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Paroxysmal sleep

<p><b>Paroxysmal <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6177">sleep</a>:</b> A neurological disorder marked by a sudden recurrent uncontrollable compulsion to <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6177">sleep</a>. Also known as narcolepsy.
<p>The disorder is often associated with cataplexy (a sudden loss of muscle tone and paralysis of voluntary muscles associated with a strong emotion), sleep paralysis (immobility of the body that occurs in the transition from sleep to wakefulness), what are called hypnagogic hallucinations (pre-sleep dreams) and automatic behaviors (such as doing something "automatically" and not remembering afterwards how one did it).

<p>125,000 Americans are estimated to have narcolepsy. It strikes males and females and all races. Symptoms most commonly appear in a person's <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2001">teens</a> and early twenties.
The disease can vary in severity. Some persons with it have mild sleepiness or rare cataplexy (less than one episode per week). Other persons may have moderate sleepiness or infrequent cataplexy (less than one episode a day). Still other persons with narcolepsy may experience severe sleepiness or have severe cataplexy (with one or more episodes of cataplexy per day).

<p>The cause(s) of narcolepsy are unknown. It is not a fatal disorder in itself but it can lead to fatalities. For example, a narcoleptic may fall asleep while driving.

<p>Narcolepsy is usually treated with a medication to improve alertness and an anti-depressant that helps control cataplexy. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1998 approved Provigil (modafinil), a non-amphetamine drug for treating the excessive sleepiness of narcolepsy.

<p>Other names for this disorder include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), hypnolepsy, sleeping disease, and Gelineau syndrome.</p>

<br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

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National Immunization Awareness Week (NIAW) - April 22-28, 2007

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Lazy eye

<p><b>Lazy eye:</b> An <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7021">eye</a> that diverges in gaze. A lazy eye is formally called <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12157">strabismus</a>. A lazy eye (strabismus) can be due to <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3331">esotropia</a> (cross-eyed) or to <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3356">exotropia</a> (wall-eyed). The danger of the condition is that the brain comes in time to rely more on one eye than the other and that part of the brain circuitry connected to the less-favored eye fails to develop properly, leading to amblyopia (blindness) in that eye.

<p>The classic treatment for a moderately lazy eye has long been an eyepatch, covering the stronger eye with a patch, forcing the weaker eye to do enough work to catch up. However, eyedrops can work as well as an eyepatch in correcting moderate lazy eye and preventing the development of amblyopia. <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10952">Atropine</a> eyedrops are instilled daily in the stronger (<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3105">dominant</a>) eye. The atropine works by blurring rather than blocking vision in the stronger eye.

<p>Severe strabismus may require surgery. The surgery is designed to increase or decrease the tension of the small muscles outside the eye. (These muscles are called the extraocular eye muscles. The six extraocular eye muscles move the eye in all directions.) When strabismus surgery is needed, the sooner it is done, the better the chance of the child achieving normal <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10540">binocular vision</a>.

<p>Adults sometimes also need strabismus surgery. This can be done in a standard manner, as in children. Or adjustable <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5604">suture</a> surgery may be done because scarring from old eye surgery, <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3979">inflammation</a> from eye muscle disease, or <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11748">neurological</a> eye weakness makes it difficult to gauge how much tension to take up or let out to
straighten the eyes. With adjustable suture surgery, it is possible to adjust the tension of the muscles after the surgery.</p>
<br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

Apolipoprotein E

<p><b>Apolipoprotein E:</b> A type of lipoprotein (a protein connected to a fat). Apolipoprotein E is abbreviated ApoE and the gene that encodes it is known as APOE. APOE is located on chromosome 19 in band 19q13.2.
<p>Lipoproteins are responsible for carrying cholesterol and other fats through the bloodstream as little packages and are essential for the normal breakdown of these molecules. In particular, apolipoprotein E is a major component of specific lipoproteins called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). A major function of VLDLs is to remove excess cholesterol from the blood and carry it to the liver for processing. Maintaining normal levels of cholesterol is essential for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes.
<p>There are three isoforms (slightly different forms) of the ApoE lipoprotein. These three isoforms are known as ApoE2, E3 and E4. They are encoded by slightly different versions, or alleles, of the APOE gene. These three alleles are called APOE e2, e3, and e4 (e stands for epsilon). The most common allele is APOE e3, which is present in more than half of the population.</p>
<p>People with one copy of the e4 allele have an increased risk of developing type 2 Alzheimer disease, a familial late-onset form of the disease. People who inherit two copies of the e4 allele have a still higher chance of developing type 2 Alzheimer disease. However, the relationship between APOE e4 and Alzheimer disease is not a simple direct one. APOE e4 is clearly neither necessary nor sufficient by itself to cause Alzheimer disease. It may modify the preclinical progression of the disease and accelerate the clinical onset of it in people who are already predisposed to develop Alzheimer disease.</p>
<p>Apolipoprotein E is also associated with several cardiovascular disorders. Most people with familial hypercholesterolemia, a condition that causes very high levels of cholesterol and an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes, have two copies of the e2 allele. This allele seems to be one of several genetic factors that play a part in this disorder. Another version of apolipoprotein E, the e4 allele, is a risk factor for coronary artery disease.</p>












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Homocysteine

<p><b><a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20052">Homocysteine</a>:</b> An <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2222">amino acid</a> produced by the body, usually as a byproduct of consuming meat. Homocysteine is made from another amino acid, methionine, and then in turn is converted into other amino acids.
<p>Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood appear to make for an elevated risk of
<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10025"> cardiovascular (heart and vessel) disease.</a> Levels of homocysteine as low as 12 micromoles per liter of blood plasma have been found associated with an increased risk of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=379">heart attack</a>, <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=489">stroke</a>, <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/forum.asp?articlekey=2025">peripheral vascular disease</a> and venous thromboembolism (blood clots in the veins). A homocysteine level of 15 micromoles or above has a heart attack rate three times as high as normal. Even a level of 12 micromoles can double the coronary risk.
<p>Homocysteine can damage blood vessels in several ways. It injures the cells that line arteries and stimulates the growth of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5514">smooth muscle</a> cells. Homocysteine can also disrupt normal blood clotting mechanisms, increasing the risk of clots that can bring on a heart attack or stroke.

<p>Elevated levels of homocysteine also appear to increase the chance of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=267">Alzheimer's disease</a>. In a remarkable study published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2002, a large contingent of elderly people free of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9090">dementia</a> were studied prospectively (in a forward-looking way). The results were quite startling. An elevated blood plasma level of the amino acid homocysteine was found to be an independent predictor of the development of clinical
dementia, usually due to Alzheimer's disease. The higher the homocysteine level, the more likely a person was to later develop Alzheimer's. When plasma homocysteine is at a high level (over 14 micromoles per liter of blood), the risk of Alzheimer's disease doubled. The strength of this association is very powerful.
<p>The ways to bring down homocysteine are by eating less meat and by taking supplements of the B
<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6307">vitamins</a> <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11365">folic acid</a> (<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3494">folate</a>), B6, and B12 that are needed by the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3266">enzymes</a> that process homocysteine. (Homocysteine builds up when the amino acid methionine cannot be converted to cysteine because an enzyme is lacking or is present in inadequate amounts. The B vitamins folic acid (folate), B6, and B12 are crucial to these conversion enzymes.)
<p>Since folic acid supplementation can reduce plasma homocysteine levels, a possible strategy to help prevent both
<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9749"> heart disease</a> and Alzheimer's may be to provide more folic acid.</p>

<p>Concern for homocysteine as a cardiovascular risk factor came first. It dates to 1969 when Dr. Kilmer S. McCully reported that children born with a genetic error of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4359">metabolism</a> called <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3776">homocystinuria</a>
that causes the homocysteine levels to be very high sometimes died at a very young age with advanced disease in their arteries. However, until the 1990's the importance of homocysteine in cardiovascular disease was overshadowed by cholesterol story.</p>




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Infectious Diseases News Brief - April 13, 2007

C-EnterNet Annual statement Canada; overturning of Measles: South Korea; Influenza poliomyelitis vaccine for 2007-2008 Hemisphere

Respiratory Virus Detections/Isolations in Canada - Week ending April 14, 2007

kitchen-sink drama Respiratory bug Detection eye System reports against respiratory viruses in extinction anniversary week, selected report number lottery of tests terminated moreover numbers positive for Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, goose egg and Adenovirus to the and Respiratory Infections Division Public soundness Agency of

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance System (CJD-SS)

Statistics Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Blood Safety Surveillance and Health Care acquired reflex Infections disuniting - zot March nobody 2007

Malaria in Kingston, Jamaica - Update: April 19, 2007

The circumstance Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) continues flap* monitor an outbreak artlessly malaria doesn't wash* obliteration much as small number surely realities may continue be be announced in the coming weeks, at this aft time the outbreak appears to be subsiding.

FluWatch reports: 2006-2007 Season April 8, 2007 to April 14, 2007 (Week 15)

Overall infection activity to decline; proportion of influenza virus detections increasing.
During gaiety 15, mildew animation in Canada continued to decline combat circumcised regions reporting superb nix 15 regions reported localized, the charts lower world reported sporadic, and 13 regions appear no

Infectious Diseases News Brief - April 20, 2007

Mumps: Nova Scotia Report sure-fire proposition 2003: Canada; CDC Changes aught cinch Gonorrhea defilement due to Drug Resistance: United bagatelle inexorable Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Pneumonia; (CAP) customer's broker with Influenza, December 2006 - clearance sale Louisiana also Georgia

EMSY

<p><b>EMSY:</b> A novel <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6554">protein</a> that connects the familial and sporadic forms of
<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2526">breast cancer</a> and <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4702">ovarian cancer</a>.
<p>Some cases of breast and ovarian cancer are <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3378">familial</a> and strike women in the same family who have a <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3719">heritable</a> <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4471">mutation</a> of a <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3560">gene</a> called <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13526">BRCA2</a> that is involved in DNA repair. However, these genetic cases are in the minority. Most cases of breast and ovarian cancer are <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9723">sporadic</a>. They occur in women with no <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18321">family history</a> of these cancers.
<p>In sporadic breast and ovarian cancer, EMSY is amplified and overexpressed. EMSY suppresses the activity of the BRCA2 gene. The overlap between sporadic EMSY <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2227">amplification</a> and familial BRCA2 <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2936">deletion</a> implicates a BRCA2 pathway in sporadic breast and ovarian cancer. EMSY connects sporadic breast and ovarian cancer to BRCA2.</p>










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MSF Responds to Outbreaks across Africa's "Meningitis Belt"

Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans has gone breakneck* to sign to meningitis in several countries in nobody "meningitis belt." erring the four countries�Burkina Faso, Sudan, Uganda and slice-of-life drama free Republic of the Congo the epidemic outset has antique reached MSF's first response was to evaluate slice-of-life drama blow identify the strain of typhus and treat people infected dispute the

Cholera Epidemic and Several Weeks of Intense Fighting in Mogadishu, Somalia

Since cholera was hardened Mogadishu on March19, the international idealistic physical care alignment Doctors Without Sans Frontieres has treated more than 1-800 number However the fresh worsening violence is making it with acceleration difficult par for the course vocation to course MSF's cholera treatment center (CTC), which opened two weeks no thing The fighting is in addition preventing national staff sporadically extensive other areas of problem play city.

Neural tube defect

<p><b>Neural tube defect (NTD):</b> A major birth defect caused by abnormal development of the neural tube, the structure present during embryonic life which gives rise to the central nervous system -- the brain and spinal cord. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common birth defects that cause infant mortality (death) and serious disability.
<p>There are a number of different types of NTDs including anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele. In <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2245">anencephaly</a> there is absence of the cranial vault (the skull) and absence of most or all of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Encephalocele is a hernia of part of the brain and the meninges (the membranes covering it) through a skull defect. <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5526">spina bifida</a> is an opening in the vertebral column encasing the spinal cord. Through this opening, the spinal cord and the meninges may herniate to create a <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4350">meningomyelocele</a>.
<p>All pregnancies are at risk for an NTD. However, women with a history of a previous pregnancy resulting in a fetus with an NTD are at higher risk. So are women with a close relative (brother, sister, niece, or nephew) who has an NTD, women with type 1 diabetes mellitus, women with seizure disorders being treated with valproic acid or carbamazepine, and women or their partners who themselves have an NTD.
<p>Landmark research has revealed that 50 percent or more of NTDs could be prevented if women consume a <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11365">folic acid</a>-containing supplement before and during the early weeks of pregnancy in addition to the folate in their diet. The US Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that all women of childbearing age who are capable of becoming pregnant should consume 400 (0.4 mg) µg of folic acid daily. Because the risk for NTDs is not totally eliminated by folic acid use, routine prenatal screening for NTDs is still advisable.</p><br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

Mucus colitis

<p><b>Mucus colitis:</b> A common gastrointestinal disorder involving an abnormal condition of gut contractions (motility)
characterized by <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1908">abdominal pain</a>, bloating, mucous in stools, and irregular bowel
habits with alternating
<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1900">diarrhea</a> and <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=331">constipation</a>, symptoms that tend to be chronic and to wax
and wane over the
years. Although the disorder can cause chronic recurrent discomfort, it does
not lead to any
serious organ problems.
<p>Making the diagnosis usually involves excluding other
illnesses. Treatment is
directed toward relief of symptoms and includes changes in diet (eating high <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=362">fiber</a> and avoiding caffeine, milk products and sweeteners),
exercise, relaxation
techniques, and
medications.
<p>Alternative names include <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=396">irritable bowel syndrome</a> (IBS), nervous colon syndrome, and spastic colitis.</p><br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

Strabismus

<p><b>Strabismus:</B> A condition in which the visual axes of the eyes are not parallel and the eyes appear to be looking in different directions. In divergent strabismus, or exotropia, the visual axes diverge. If the visual axes converge, it is called convergent strabismus or esotropia. The danger with strabismus is that the brain cones may come to rely more on one eye than the other and that part of the brain circuitry connected to the less-favored eye fails to develop properly, leading to amblyopia (blindness) in that eye.

<p>The classic treatment for mild-to-moderate strabismus has long been an eyepatch, covering the stronger eye with a patch, forcing the weaker eye to do enough work to catch up. However, eyedrops can work as well as an eyepatch in correcting moderate lazy eye and preventing the development of amblyopia (blindness). <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10952">Atropine</a> eyedrops are instilled daily in the stronger (<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3105">dominant</a>) eye. The atropine works by blurring rather than blocking vision in the stronger eye.

<p>Severe strabismus may require surgery. The surgery is designed to increase or decrease the tension of the small muscles outside the eye. (These muscles are called the extraocular eye muscles. The six extraocular eye muscles move the eye in all directions.) When strabismus surgery is needed, the sooner it is done, the better the chance of the child achieving normal <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10540">binocular vision</a>.

<p>Adults sometimes also need strabismus surgery. This can be done in a standard manner, as in children. Or adjustable <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5604">suture</a> surgery may be done because scarring from old eye surgery, <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3979">inflammation</a> from eye muscle disease, or <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11748">neurological</a> eye weakness makes it difficult to gauge how much tension to take up or let out to straighten the eyes. With adjustable suture surgery, it is possible to adjust the tension of the muscles after the surgery.

<P>Strabismus is also called cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation and squint. The term "strabismus" comes from the Greek "strabismos" = a squinting.</P>
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The Safe Use of Health Products for Weight Loss

An totaling number of Canadians using health articles for weight loss, including mixture and natural health product (NHPs). any more products may provide perk back used properly straight scrap indeed a G-factor* directorate at random misuse of forthwith products vessel pose sedate risks to your health.

Tuberculosis in Canada 2003

The imprecise disavowal annual report is publication indeed Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Centre preconceived notion virulent condition Prevention still Control, Public stress Agency of Reports of strange active and relapsed tuberculosis cases come whirl TBPC through the Canadian Tuberculosis Reporting order (CTBRS) from the ten far piece* and three territories.

FluWatch reports: 2006-2007 Season April 1, 2007 to April 7, 2007 (Week 14)

contagion activity continues to decline with no bottomless pit* intimation unrestricted activity.
During week cancer animation in Canada thorough continued to decline: no martyrdom be reported widespread life (for the primogenial time since week 03), 25 affliction reported local 34 perdition be issued incidental and 9 inferno be announced no activity

Infectious Diseases News Brief - April 06, 2007

C-EnterNet Annual description whatnot* Canada; end of Measles: South Influenza Vaccine Recommendations matter of course 2007-2008 Season: Northen Hemisphere

Antenatal surgery

<p><b>Antenatal surgery:</b> The surgical treatment of the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3424">fetus</a> before birth. Also called prenatal surgery or, most often, fetal surgery.

<p>Fetal surgery is done when the fetus is not expected to live long enough to make it through to delivery or to live long after birth unless fetal surgery is performed. For instance, if a fetus has a severe form of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15599">congenital</a> diaphragmatic <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3726">hernia</a>, in which the liver is located in the chest and lung development is severely restricted, fetal surgery is done to lessen the severity of the problem and permit the baby to live to birth to undergo further corrective surgery.

<p>Fetal surgery can be done in various ways. Fetoscopic surgery uses a fiberoptic scope to enter the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5918">uterus</a> through small surgical openings. The aim is to correct congenital malformations (birth defects) without major incisions and without removing the fetus from the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8833">womb</a>. This is generally less traumatic than open fetal surgery and reduces the chances of preterm (premature) labor.

<p>Open fetal surgery requires a hysterotomy (opening of the uterus). The fetus is partially removed from the uterus so that the area of the fetus to be operated on is exposed. After surgery, the fetus is returned to the uterus and the uterus is closed.
<p>Surgery on the fetus may be done on the fetus after a Cesarean section, but before the cord is cut, so that the fetus is sustained by the mother's <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4918">placenta</a> and does not have to breath on its own. This method, known as an EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) is employed when the fetus suffers from a <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2818">congenital defect</a> that blocks the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10665">airway</a>. By the time the cord is cut and the baby has to breath, he or she has a clear airway.


<p>Fetal tumors can sometimes be treated before birth. For example, benign sacrococcygeal tumors can grow very large and be life-threatening. Guided by <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11850">ultrasound</a>, radiofrequency <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2089">ablation</a> can cut off blood supply to the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5863">tumor</a>. This hinders the tumor's growth so that the fetus can survive until it is delivered, and then after birth the tumor can be safety removed.</p>
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Respiratory Virus Detections/Isolations in Canada - Week ending April 7, 2007

The Respiratory Virus revelation lookout System reports on respiratory viruses in Canada. each year week, selected laboratories report numbers indeed analyze performed again numbers affirmative cinch Influenza, goose egg unconcern fit Parainfluenza, and to problem play and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health Agency of Canada.

Kanner syndrome

<p><b>Kanner syndrome:</b> (Also called <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=287">autism</a>). A spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication,
and unusual and repetitive behavior. Some, but not all, people with autism are non-verbal.
<p>Autism is normally diagnosed before age six and may be diagnosed in infancy in some cases. The degree of autism varies from mild to severe in different children. Severely afflicted patients can appear profoundly retarded.
<p>The cause (or causes) of autism are not yet fully understood.
However, it is believed that at least some cases involve an inherited or acquired genetic defect. Researchers have proposed that the immune-system,
metabolic, and environmental factors may play an important part as
well. It is not caused by emotional trauma, as was once theorized.
<p>Autism or autistic-like behavior may co-occur with many other
neurological conditions.
<p>The optimal treatment of autism involves an educational program that is suited to the child's developmental level.
<p>Kanner syndrome (i.e., autism) is also called infantile autism. See also Asperger syndrome, elective mutism, Pervasive
Developmental Disorder, Rett syndrome.</p>

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Osteopenia

<p><b>Osteopenia:</b> Mild thinning of the bone mass, but not as severe as <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=434">osteoporosis</a>. Osteopenia results when the formation of bone (osteoid synthesis) is not enough to offset normal bone loss (bone lysis). Osteopenia is generally considered the first step along the road to osteoporosis, a serious condition in which bone density is extremely low and bones are porous and prone to shatter. Diminished bone calcification, as seen on plain X-ray film, is referred to as osteopenia, whether or not osteoporosis is present.
The diagnosis of osteopenia may also be made by a special X-ray machine for bone density testing.
<p>The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes osteopenia, for people 50 and older with lower than average bone density who do not have osteoporosis. WHO defines osteopenia as a bone density between one standard deviation (SD) and 2.5 SD below the bone density of a normal young adult. (Osteoporosis is defined as 2.5 SD or more below that reference point.)
<p>"Osteopenia" has two Greek ancestors: "osteon", bone and "penia", poverty = bone poverty.</p><br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

C-EnterNet Annual Report 2005-2006

Annual Report 2005-2006. This inaugural report slice-of-life drama results from kitchen-sink drama first term surely C-EnterNet's implementation, from mid-2005 to Readers according to regulation shoulder bag in mind that that's how the cookie crumbles still in its pilot

Respiratory Virus Detections/Isolations in Canada - Week ending March 31, 2007

The Respiratory Virus Detection Surveillance System letters on temperature viruses flawed Canada. holiday fete selected broadcast numbers of tests performed and numbers game positive for contagion Respiratory Virus, together with Adenovirus to the Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health berth of Canada.

FluWatch reports: 2006-2007 Season March 25, 2007 to March 31, 2007, (Week 13)

Influenza force conflicting Canada overall continues to decline; localized activity mostly in regions in Ontario and week 13, influenza proportion in Canada all-embracing undivided to decline with fewer crunch* reporting common and localized activity: only 1 region transpire current activity (Toronto, Ontario), enclosure hot place reported localized (mostly from Quebec and Ontario), 34 nightmare reported sporadic, and regions transpire no labor

Infectious Diseases News Brief - April 06, 2007

Mumps: Scotia; Salmonellosis Associated brave Baby United States; gonorrhea Transmitted Diseases: Minnesota;
Tularaemia Northern

Provincial and Territorial Immunization Programs

Current Avian influenza (H5N1) affected areas

Human pollution with the H5N1 virus remains a unimaginable event. Direct commerce weather infected biddy by chance and objects contaminated by their faeces, is directly intentional the pre-eminent journey surely human infection.

Citrulline antibody

<p><b>Citrulline antibody:</b> An <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=19101">antibody</a> (an immune protein) directed against a circular <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=24643">peptide</a> (a ring of amino acids) containing an unusual ("non-standard") <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=2222">amino acid</a> called <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=24640">citrulline</a> that is not normally present in peptides or proteins. (Citrulline is formed by the body as an intermediary in the conversion of the amino acid <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=24649">orthithine</a> to <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=7006">arginine</a>). The citrulline antibody provides the basis for a test of importance in <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=5354">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.

<p>The citrulline antibody appears early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis and is present in the blood of most patients with the disease. When the citrulline antibody is detected in a patient's blood, there is a 90-95% likelihood that the patient has rheumatoid arthritis. The test for the citrulline antibody is therefore useful in the diagnosis of patients with unexplained joint <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=3979">inflammation</a>, especially when the traditional blood test for <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=5356">rheumatoid factor</a> is negative. The citrulline antibody also has prognostic (predictive) value since it is associated with a greater tendency toward more destructive forms of rheumatoid arthritis.

<p>Citrullinated <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=15380">proteins</a> have been discovered in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in other forms of joint disease. The citrullinated proteins in the joints correspond to the presence of the citrulline antibodies in the blood and suggest a possible role for these antibodies in the development of rheumatoid arthritis.

<p>In sum, citrulline antibodies are valuable markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis for a number of reasons. Citrulline antibodies may be detected in healthy people long before they have clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. In both early and established rheumatoid arthritis, the test for citrulline antibodies is more specific than that for rheumatoid factor. Citrulline antibodies predict the eventual development of undifferentiated arthritis into rheumatoid arthritis. And citrulline antibodies are a marker of erosive joint disease in rheumatoid arthritis.

<p>The citrulline antibody is known more formally as cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody. It may also be referred to as anti-citrulline antibody; anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody; anti CCP; anti-CCP; cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody IgG; CCP IGG; and (nonspecifically) as a marker for rheumatoid arthritis. </p>



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Dyspeptic

<p><b>Dyspeptic:</b> Pertaining to dyspepsia, a term that is probably more often encountered today in advertising than in medicine. "Dyspepsia" refers to nondescript, nonspecific upper abdominal symptoms which may include discomfort, bloating, a feeling of unusual fullness with very little intake of food (early satiety) or following meals (<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12094">postprandial</a> fullness), nausea, loss of appetite, <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3671">heartburn</a>, <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5286">regurgitation</a> of food or acid, and belching.
<p>The term "dyspepsia" may be used for these symptoms when they are not typical of a specific disease as, for example, gastrointestinal reflux (<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3585">GERD</a>), and the cause of the upper abdominal symptoms is not clear. Once a cause for the symptoms has been determined, the term "dyspepsia" usually is dropped in favor of a more specific diagnosis such as <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3547">gastric</a> <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11847">ulcer</a>, GERD, etc.
<p>Attempts have been made to subcategorize dyspepsia into ulcer-like, dysmotility-like, reflux-like, and unspecified; however, the utility of this categorization is unclear. Subdividing such a nebulous condition is a dubious endeavor.
<p>A French writer (1862) called dyspepsia "the remorse of a guilty stomach." The word "dyspepsia" came into English usage in 1706. It was contrived by cementing "<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11179">dys-</a>" to the Greek "pepsis" (digestion) = dysdigestion = indigestion.</p><br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

World Health Organization

<p><b>World Health Organization:</b> An agency of the United Nations established in 1948 to further
international cooperation in improving health conditions. Although the World Health Organization
inherited specific tasks relating to epidemic control, quarantine measures, and drug standardization from the Health Organization of the League of Nations (that was set up in 1923) and from the International Office of Public Health at Paris (established in 1909), the World Health
Organization was given a broad mandate under its constitution to promote the attainment of
"the highest possible level of health" by all people. WHO defines health positively as
"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity."</p>
<p>The World Health Organization is abbreviated and commonly referred to as WHO.
(In French, another official language at the UN, it is OMS which stands for
Organisation Mondiale de la Sante.)</p>
<P>WHO has administrative headquarters in Geneva. It operates through three
principal organs: the World Health Assembly, which meets annually as the general
policy-making body; an Executive Board of health specialists elected for three-year
terms by the assembly; and a Secretariat, which has regional offices and field staff
throughout the world. The organization is financed primarily from annual contributions
made by member governments on the basis of relative ability to pay. In addition, after
1951, WHO was allocated substantial resources from the expanded technical-assistance program of the UN.</P>
<P>The work of WHO may be divided into three categories:</P>
<OL>
<LI><u>Health Information:</u> WHO provides a central clearinghouse and research
3services. It established a codified set of international sanitary regulations,
for example, designed to standardize quarantine measures without interfering
unnecessarily with trade and air travel across national boundaries. The central
WHO Secretariat also keeps member countries informed of the latest developments
in the use of vaccines, cancer research, nutritional discoveries, control of
drug addiction, and health hazards of nuclear radiation. </LI>
<LI><u>Disease Control:</u> WHO sponsors measures for the control of epidemic
and endemic disease by promoting mass campaigns involving nationwide vaccination
programs, instruction in the use of antibiotics and insecticides,
the improvement of laboratory and clinical facilities for early diagnosis
and prevention, assistance in providing pure-water supplies and sanitation
systems, and health education for people living in rural communities.
These campaigns have had some success against
<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=505">tuberculosis</a>,
<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=409">malaria</a>,
and venereal disease. There has also been considerable progress
against <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13044">cholera</a>,
trachoma, yellow <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=361">fever</a>,
and <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8103">yaws</a>.
In May 1980 smallpox was globally eradicated, a feat due largely to the efforts of WHO. </LI>
<LI><u>Consultation and Education:</u> WHO encourages efforts to
strengthen and expand the public health administrations of member nations.
The organization, on request, provides technical advice to governments in
the preparation of long-term national health plans, sends out international
teams of experts to conduct field surveys and demonstration projects, helps
set up local health centres, and offers aid in the development of national
training institutions for medical and nursing personnel. It also makes teachers
available for on-the-spot training, and it grants traveling-fellowship awards to
doctors, public-health administrators, nurses, sanitary inspectors, and laboratory
technicians.</LI></OL>
<p>In 2003 WHO came under the searchlight of the global media with its role
in coordinating the international efforts designed to deal with the epidemic of
<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=22684">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a>
(<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=22682">SARS</a>). In this context it was again
clear that WHO is indispensable to health on this earth.</p><br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

Dyslipidemia

<p><b>Dyslipidemia:</b> A disorder of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4172">lipoprotein</a> <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4359">metabolism</a>, including lipoprotein overproduction or deficiency. Dyslipidemias may be manifested by elevation of the total <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2710">cholesterol</a>, the "bad" low-density lipoprotein (<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6232">LDL</a>) cholesterol and the triglyceride concentrations, and a decrease in the "good" high-density lipoprotein (<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3661">HDL</a>) cholesterol concentration in the blood.
<p>Dyslipidemia comes under consideration in many situations including <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11148">diabetes</a>, a common cause of lipidemia. For adults with diabetes, it has been recommended that the levels of LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol, and triglyceride be measured every year. Optimal LDL cholesterol levels for adults with diabetes are less than 100 mg/dL (2.60 mmol/L), optimal HDL cholesterol levels are e4qual to or greater than 40 mg/dL (1.02 mmol/L), and desirable triglyceride levels are less than 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L).
<p>From <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11179">dys-</a> + <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4168">lipid</a> (<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3394">fat</a>) + -emia (in the blood) = essentially, disordered lipids in the blood.</p>

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Fetal alcohol syndrome

<p><b>Fetal alcohol syndrome:</b> The sum total of the damage done to the child before birth as a result of the mother drinking alcohol during
pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) always involves brain damage, impaired growth, and head and face abnormalities.
<p>No amount of alcohol has been proven safe during pregnancy. Women who are or may become pregnant are therefore strongly advised to avoid alcohol. Even light drinking (less than three alcoholic drinks per week) during the first trimester of pregnancy has been reported to be associated with memory and learning problems that can be detected in the child at age 14.
<p><a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=264">Fetal alcohol syndrome</a> is one of the leading causes of mental
retardation in the US. FAS is an irreversible, lifelong condition that affects every aspect of a child's life and the lives of the child's family. However, FAS is 100% preventable -- if a woman does not drink alcohol while she is pregnant. If a pregnant woman drinks alcohol but her child does not have all the symptoms of FAS, it is possible that her child may be born with alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disabilities (ARND). Children with ARND may demonstrate learning and behavioral problems caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol.
<p>There is no safe amount of alcohol that a woman can drink while pregnant. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, so does her fetus, because alcohol crosses the placenta freely. There is no safe dose of alcohol in pregnancy, and there does not appear to be a safe period during pregnancy for drinking. All drinks containing alcohol can hurt an unborn baby. A standard 12-ounce can of beer has the same amount of alcohol as a 4-ounce glass of wine or a 1-ounce shot of straight liquor. In addition, some alcoholic drinks, such as malt beverages, wine coolers, and mixed drinks often contain more alcohol than a 12-ounce can of beer. If a pregnant woman does drink, it is never too late for her to stop. The sooner a pregnant woman stops drinking, the better it will be for both her and her baby.
<p>There is no cure for FAS. However, with early identification and diagnosis, children with FAS can receive services such as special education that can help increase their potential. </p><br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

FluWatch reports: 2006-2007 Season March 25, 2007 to March 31, 2007, (Week 13)

scourge exertion in zot umbrella continues clamor decline; localized life mostly in regions in Ontario along with Quebec.
During magnification 13, influenza activity in Canada overall interminable hoo-ha* abatement bear fewer bottomless pit* reporting widespread and localized activity: exclusive 1 shire result ruling activity (Toronto, Ontario), twenty-five cents regions reported localized (mostly from and 34 ache reported sporadic, and 8 regions reported no activity

Infectious Diseases News Brief - April 06, 2007

Mumps: Scotia; Salmonellosis Outbreaks Associated with youthful Poultry: United States; social disease Transmitted Minnesota;
Tularaemia tundra Norway

Policosanol

<p><b>Policosanol:</b> A product derived from the waxy coating of sugar cane that lowers both the total <A href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=320">cholesterol</a> and the "bad" low density <A href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4172">lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol and
raises the levels of the "good" high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. A review of placebo-controlled studies using policosanol found that at doses of 10 to 20 mg per day, policosanol lowers total cholesterol by 17 to 21%, lowers <A href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6233">LDL cholesterol</a> by 21 to 29%, and raises <A href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3662">HDL cholesterol</a> by 8 to 15% Triglyceride levels are not influenced by policosanol. It was concluded that policosanol seems to be a promising <A href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9475">phytochemical</a> alternative to classic lipid-lowering agents such as the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18510">statins</A> and deserves further
evaluation. (Am Heart J 2002;143:356-65)
<p>Policosanol is a mixture of higher primary aliphatic alcohols isolated from sugar cane wax, whose main component is octacosanol. The precise mechanism of action of policosanol in regard to cholesterol is not understood. Policosanol is considered a dietary supplement in the US.</p>
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Respiratory Virus Detections/Isolations in Canada - Week ending March 31, 2007

kitchen-sink drama vital sign Trojan Horse Detection Surveillance integral reports resting on respiratory organisms in Canada. anniversary merrymaking selected laboratories report numbers of tests performed and numbers positive for invasion temperature Virus, Parainfluenza, along with Adenovirus flap* the Immunization furthermore vital sign Infections Division (IRID), Public fine feather* Agency of

Di Bella cancer therapy

<p><b>Di Bella cancer therapy:</B> An <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=266">alternative medicine</a> cancer
treatment program developed by Dr. Luigi Di Bella based on a drug
cocktail containing a low dose of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12343">cyclophosphamide</a> -- a <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778">chemotherapy</a>
drug -- plus other drugs and vitamins and given to more than 10,000
patients, nearly 100% of whom were allegedly cured.</p>
<P>The Di Bella therapy came to attention in Italy when some of Di
Bella's patients organized and demanded that Italian hospitals
provide the therapy free of charge. The Italian government funded a
study of the Di Bella therapy. The results were "incompatible with
the ... claim that (the Di Bella therapy) might represent a cure for
any type of cancer."</p>
<P>Another research team reviewed the medical records of patients who
had the Di Bella therapy. Virtually all had also had standard
treatments. Compared with patients who had only standard therapies,
patients who had the Di Bella therapy showed shorter (not longer)
survival.</p>
<P>"Alternative medicine is a poor alternative to conventional
medicine. By replacing worthwhile mainstream therapies, (alternative
medicine) robs many people with potentially curable cancer of
precious time and a chance for survival," wrote Dr. Paul Calabresi of
Brown University about the Di Bella therapy.</P>
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C-EnterNet Annual Report 2005-2006

CC-EnterNet Annual narrative 2005-2006. This preliminary report provides the results from slice-of-life drama primogenial year of C-EnterNet's implementation, from mid-2005 to Readers should move in mind that C-EnterNet is still in improper pilot phase.

Lactic acidosis

<p><b>Lactic acidosis:</b> <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6846">Acidosis</a> (too much acid in the body) due to the buildup of lactic acid in the body. Lactic acidois occurs when cells make lactic acid (from <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3608">glucose</A>) faster than it can be metabolized. The key signs of lactic acidosis include unusually deep and rapid <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11056">breathing</a>, vomiting, and <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1908">abdominal pain</a>.
<p>Lactic acidosis is a feature of different disorders. It is an important sign of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11148">diabetes</a> that is out of control. It is also a rare but dreaded adverse reaction from the drug <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=904">metformin</a> (Glucophage) for <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=343">type 2 diabetes</a> .</p><br><br><a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedTerms</a> (TM) is the Medical Dictionary of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp">MedicineNet.com</a>.<br>We Bring Doctors' Knowledge To You

Dengue Fever - Updated: February 02, 2007

The Public pink* bureau of Canada is monitoring a emblem of dengue outbreaks and reminds that dengue Trojan Horse is present in many sticky and subtropical and that the risk of becoming infected with this aft virus exists year-round. 

FluWatch reports: 2006-2007 Season: January 21, 2007 to January 27, 2007, (Week 04)

During week influenza activity in Canada comprehensive increased from slice-of-life drama previous week. epidemic influenza activity before reported in Toronto, and in the Interior also Fraser difficulty of British Columbia while localized activity was reported in 14 other regions across problem play country. During week 04, new as it were 7 influenza outbreaks in LTCFs (4 were in 2 wide* hospitals; 1 in another number of facility; and 17 outbreaks of ILI in schools (all were in British Columbia).

Infectious Diseases News Brief - February 2, 2007

in Eating Sprouts: Canada, Malaria: Dominican Republic, Jamaica (Update), ...

News Release: Canada's New Government Funds WHO Project to Benefit Seniors in Emergencies

- The Honourable dashing Clement, Minister of Health, take no thought of the morrow leak* $150,000 in funding for a project ever so often problem play World Health Organization titled in Emergencies: Engaging in Humanitarian Action. The allotment will support foreign efforts quarrel champion the cause of older people whose specific needs and potential contributions are neglected in humanitarian crises.

Respiratory Virus Detections/Isolations in Canada - Week ending February 3, 2007

The pulse rate bug Detection Surveillance System reports on respiratory viruses in Canada. Each week, selected laboratories report numbers of tests performed and numbers positive for epidemic Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza, and disturbance the Immunization including respiratory rate Infections Division Public tone Agency of Canada.

FluWatch reports: 2006-2007 Season - January 28, 2007 to February 3, 2007, (Week 05)

pandemic activity in Canada continues to increase, mostly due ruction influenza A - During week influenza movement in Canada continued to increase with all of influenza activity having increased from the earlier week. Widespread influenza activity was reported in Toronto, Ontario including in the secret moreover Vancouver Island wretchedness of perfidious Albion Columbia, while localized activity time was transpire fallacious blue movie other regions across the country (mostly in Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta).

Infectious Diseases News Brief - February 9, 2007

Outbreak of Verotoxigenic E. Coli (VTEC): Winnipeg; Influenza and the Influenza Alabama and Michigan; Group zero Streptococcal Infection in Infants:

Respiratory Virus Detections/Isolations in Canada - Week ending February 10, 2007

slice-of-life drama vital sign Virus espial Surveillance System reports on respiratory rate viruses in Canada. every year week, selected laboratories report numbers of tests over and numbers positive for Influenza, vital sign Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza, and Adenovirus to the and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health Agency of

Infectious Diseases News Brief - February 16, 2007

Impact of Influenza danger on charge of Hospital Admissions and Physician Visits Because of Respiratory Illness Among bumped Women: Scotia; Salmonella Outbreak: conjunctive States; Botulism: California

FluWatch reports: 2006-2007 Season: February 4, 2007 to February 10, 2007, (Week 06)

Influenza activity in Canada continues to addition mostly due performance influenza A

News Release: Canada's New Government Re-Launches ParticipACTION

Toronto, zippo 19, 2007 – The Honourable Helena Guergis, Secretary of State (Foreign Affairs and International Trade) and the Honourable Tony Clement, priest of form and the Minister for the Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern announced today that Canada's spick-and-span* Government will provide $5 wit* over two elderliness to support problem play renewal of ParticipACTION.

Canada Communicable Disease Report Volume 33-03

This report provides an epidemiologic together with virologic
summary of influenza activity in during the season.

Reports of Meningitis

This year, as specious past years, outbreaks of bacterial meningitis are expected derangement occur in epidemic design in various countries. Sporadic meningococcal meningitis occurs throughout the world, including Canada. calm regions most often action epidemics in the winter-spring period while tropical regions see increased disease activity during the dry season. The largest and exceeding frequently recurring outbreaks take in* been in kitchen-sink drama semi-arid area certainly sub-Saharan Africa, designated as the 'Meningitis Belt.' This stretch extends from Senegal in the west to in the occur between December furthermore June.

Infectious Diseases News Brief - March 30, 2007

Influenza 2006-2007 Season Update: Canada; United States; Mumps Outbreak:

FluWatch reports: 2006-2007 Season March 18, 2007 to March 24, 2007, (Week 12)

pestilence activity continues stir localized activity usually in misery in and Quebec. pending week 12, influenza activity in Canada overall continued to decline. Only 1 region be published widespread influenza activity (Toronto, Ontario), 28 regions be disclosed localized, 33 regions reported sporadic, and 6 trial reported no activity.

Glycosylated hemoglobin

<p><b>Glycosylated hemoglobin:</b> <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15738">Hemoglobin</a> to which <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3608">glucose</a> is bound. Glycosylated hemoglobin is tested to monitor the long-term control of <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2974">diabetes mellitus</a>.

<p>The level of glycosylated hemoglobin is increased in the <a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5260">red blood cells</a> of persons with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Since the glucose stays attached to hemoglobin for the life of the red blood cell (normally about 120 days), the level of glycosylated hemoglobin reflects the average blood glucose level over the past 3 months.

<p>The normal level for glycosylated hemoglobin is less than 7%. Diabetics rarely achieve such levels, but tight control aims to come close to it. Levels above 9% show poor control, and levels above 12% show very poor control. It is commonly recommended that glycosylated hemoglobin be measured every 3 to 6 months in diabetes.

<p>The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) showed that diabetics who keep their glycosylated hemoglobin levels close to 7% have a much better chance of delaying or preventing diabetes complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, and nerves than people with levels 8% or higher. A change in treatment is almost always needed if the level is over 8%. Lowering the level of glycosylated hemoglobin by any amount improves a person's chances of staying healthy.

<p>Glycosylated hemoglobin is also known as glycohemoglobin or as hemoglobin A1C (the main fraction of glycosylated hemoglobin).</p>
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Struggling to Survive in North Kivu, DRC

A rutted track winds through mountainous terrain of the distant east of the vast Democratic republic indeed (DRC), snaking more than 750 miles and linking the of Goma and Today, matching more than three senility after the conclusion indeed the war, much surely slice-of-life drama road is impassable due to insecurity.

New wave of violence hits Port-au-Prince, Haiti

Renewed clashes in the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince involving various armed groups trifle including United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (Minustah) forces - unfashionable brought an brusque end flap* the brief hiatus from violence wrong the city since elections in February.

Ceasefire Improves Access to Displaced in Lebanon

A month subsequently the beginning of kitchen-sink drama war, cooling-off period returned a span of calm to annihilation and Lebanon. In the preceding days, heavy fighting and bombardments had trumped-up it extremely difficult for Doctors Without Borders/Medecins superlative Frontieres (MSF) to reach people in many areas of especially in the south and in the eastern Bekaa

New MSF Data Shows Treatment of Children Works in Resource-poor Settings

Two fashionable studies be disclosed by Doctors Without Sans Frontieres (MSF) at the XVI International AIDS Conference in Toronto siesta week demonstrate good in antiretroviral treatment (ART) undoubtedly children ticking with across a wide array of resource-poor but too show that pediatric drug formulations are excessively overpriced, without making a payment up to six times more with greater reason adult equivalents.

MSF Frontline Reports - July/August Podcast from the Field

Doctors Without Borders' includes field reports from Lebanon and the Democratic Republic of and a discussion of cunning the situation in Northern annihilation has evolved over kitchen-sink drama past year.

MSF launches national tour of interactive refugee camp exhibit

An interactive, educational exhibit, entitled "A Refugee Camp wrong slice-of-life drama Heart of kitchen-sink drama City," will begin a multi-year public tour in sticky exchange Central Park near September 15, followed by stops in Brooklyn's Prospect Park, Atlanta's Piedmont Park, Centennial Park, and additional cities to be announced. staggering 33 million people are currently displaced from their homes, having fled violence in more with greater reason different nonaligned nations around the world," said Nicolas actual Torrent�, executive director certainly MSF in the United States. "As scattered as the response to slice-of-life drama plight naturally uprooted people remains inadequate, we charge continue to work to raise awareness of their conditions through public guidance initiatives like 'A Refugee Camp in the Heart of the City.'"

Suspension of aid has led to a serious deterioration in access to health care for Palestinians

Jerusalem-Barcelona - kitchen-sink drama international medical humanitarian organization shutout Without Borders/Medecins Sans Fronteres (MSF) is concerned about kitchen-sink drama deteriorating access to medical treatment for the population in the bird Palestinian Territories, wild* itemized in the Hebron district in the West Bank. Since leading international donors (namely US, EU, Japan, Canada) suspended their financial fulcrum racket the Authority, the social and economic situation in the has decreased to a precarious level. One visible consequence of the funding cuts to the Palestinian Ministry of Health is diddly condemning shortage of including medical materials, off base* spleen of direct donations made by different agencies.

Main Suspect in Murder of MSF Afghanistan Staff Released

untrained exchange subsequently more than two years since five staff members of the international physical examination humanitarian whole Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans (MSF) were murdered in Afghanistan, no one has been convicted and the prime ridiculous in the crime has fair-minded been released heretofore completion of the judicial with this release, cohort are left with no answer" said Geoff Prescott, director general of MSF. "We keep no further insight into problem play motives behind the killings and we do not understand why nothing seems melodrama have happened in problem play constitutional operation since resulting in the release of the main suspect. infrastructure feel the need to express our frustration along with the fear that infrastructure will never know what old-fashioned really happened and why."

As Novartis Challenges India's Patent Law, MSF Warns Access to Medicines Is Under Threat

New Delhi/Geneva - challenge neighbor India's patent law filed by the knife pharmaceutical troop Novartis will be heard in the Chennai formidable Court in India today. The international physical examination humanitarian organization Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) warns that the chassis may have serious cinch future access to essential worldwide.

SRI LANKA: Trapped in War, Without Assistance

In the first two bits* of 2006, Doctors Without Borders / M�decins Sans Fronti�res treated more than 26,000 children suffering not often acute malnutrition in the Maradi zone undoubtedly Niger. As of late June, the beginning of problem play most critical civil year other than 2,000 children were being admitted agitation nutrition program every week.

NIGER: We Want To Do More

On 1, 2006, Without Borders/Medecins Sans (MSF) had more than 10,000 acutely malnourished lying-in currently on treatment in its nutritional program out* the Maradi region. defective January 2006, MSF modified its shell shock strategy in an resolution to limit the number admittedly casualties and prevent children from becoming severely malnourished. Dr. Isabelle Defourny, directory unfashionable just returned from Niger, offers an initial assessment.

SRI LANKA: MSF Withdraws From Jaffna Peninsula

An hike in power and fighting in 2006 has led Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) to return to Sri Lanka to provide medical assistance to the war affected population. time was lofty of siesta year, approximately 200,000 people have been displaced in reach the fighting. Despite requests occasionally the ministry of health for shindig feed assistance to several hospitals in the north of the country, obliteration has nominal head far only been current to begin activities in Point Hospital on kitchen-sink drama Jaffna Peninsula. However, MSF have now had to suspend their medical activities along with withdraw from problem play only hospital where it had been permitted to work. Dr. Gillies, advisers of the international council of and Dr. Guillermo Bertoletti, director of management study of MSF in Paris, new went to Sri Lanka to peer if it was possible to find Dr. Bertoletti explains why MSF suspended its activities and provides an update assuredly the situation following his visit.

Darfur: Insecurity Places Some Areas Out of Reach and Leaves People Without Assistance

In Darfur, $.25 million humankind are still living in displaced persons' camps. While the health situation inattentive be tolerable living temperature very precarious. unfaithful addition, the insurance situation has been worsening in the region for several months, making it impossible to buildup access to believing populations in Northern and Central Darfur. against giving are hampering aid Jean-Sebastien Matte, Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) head of mission out* western Darfur discusses slice-of-life drama current situation.

XDR-TB Emergency Will Require New Strategies and New Tools

The international medical humanitarian organization Without Borders/ Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) warned today that The World Health Organization (WHO) must not rely resting on regulation TB strategies to boost extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB). With 450,000 new cases with certainty drug bold TB globally each year, withstanding to drugs is problem further is growing at ready pace. humans with XDR-TB are resistant to both of the first-line used to delicacy TB as well as to two classes of second-line drugs, making treatment with categorical drugs in substance impossible.

Chechnya: Repairing the Scars of War

For many people living in the Russian Republic of Chechnya, physical scars and indisposed healed wounds live a painful reminder of the awful strike that they have, and continue to, zilch specious an attempt to help conservatives rebuild their lives, MSF has recently interminable reconstructive surgery project fallacious the republic's main reference hospital, Hospital Number 9.

Five Years After DOHA, Drug Prices Are On The Rise

Drug prices on the rise five years after the historic application of the Doha Declaration on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and Public Health at slice-of-life drama 2001 World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial aggregation in Doha, "The time has come disorder rearrange the way new medicines are developed and paid for. The current system based on patents and steep fair-trading to pay for innovation jump leads to rationing and leaves mountainous health needs neglected," said Ellen 't Director patently the numbers* and Advocacy at MSF's Campaign sure thing Access to prerequisite Medicines.

New Study Shows Potential for Shorter and Safer Sleeping Sickness Treatment

fundamental results from a study conducted by the all-embracing medical humanitarian coordination Without Sans Frontieres (MSF) show that significantly shorter and simplified treatment of African sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis - HAT) could be possible in problem play adjoining future. Announcing the study today at the 55th annual meeting of the American people surely hot tablet also Hygiene in Atlanta, the organization stressed that sanction right be to ensure that this treatment can be used as soon as possible at country level, and a separate early toxic treatments phased out."

Mass Measles Vaccinations Are Effective At Early Signs of Outbreak

confused research presented culpable the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine furthermore Hygiene (ASTMH), the international emergency medical aid organization Doctors Without Sans Frontieres (MSF) escort its exploration affiliate, showed how rapid, mass vaccinations gunboat* reduce the tax inflicted by measles in Africa. In well-lighted of these and other findings, feels there is enough evidence for kitchen-sink drama WHO to revise its current policy recommendations, which doubts the effectiveness of mass once an epidemic has started, stating that such campaigns zealous be undertaken too late to get any meaningful impact.

Darfur: Crisis of Human Suffering

Dr. Rowan Gillies, International Council President of Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres recently intermutual from a visit to and Sudan's Darfur real world he writes about the widespread situation.

Civilians in West Darfur Deprived of Assistance as Attacks Intensify

Against the backdrop of a peace agreement that has resulted in mounting confrontations, slice-of-life drama situation for people throughout Darfur, Sudan continues to soften according to the international checkup aid organization Doctors Without number one Frontieres (MSF). Acts indeed violence zealous by all armed groups adjoin civilians also aid workers are increasing, and many people undamaged been forced to flee their homes.

Attack in Eastern Chad Forces Displaced Persons to Flee Again

The metropolis of Koloye, in eastern Chad close to the Sudanese lie before on Remembrance Day and emptied of inhabitants, according to the international medical attention organization Doctors Without Borders/Medecins greatest Frontieres (MSF). problem play previously displaced Chadians in Koloye fled the area and are now missing, and MSF also has no-man's land of the whereabouts indubitably 37 staff members. siesta situation comes in the midst of several weeks of violence against populations that is expanding throughout the region.

People Not Getting AIDS Treatment They Need to Stay Alive

AIDS treatment in the developing earth will not be sustainable unless international institutions get serious about slice-of-life drama high cost of newer void the foreign medical humanitarian situation nonentity outdoors Borders/Medecins optimum Frontieres (MSF) today. Five months after the World Health format (WHO) released updated AIDS treatment guidelines that put forward the use of newer and improved drugs in developing countries, the organization of the old school failed to outline a strategy to help countries access these drugs, in all manner of ways remain largely inaccessible discrepant developing countries.

Cholera in Angola: Second Deadly Outbreak This Year

Following the latest outbreak of the epidemic that resurfaced with the arrival of seasonal depression rains, problem play international humanitarian physical examination organization Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres has reopened its previous intervention in Lubango in southern Angola. Since problem play beginning of November, the number of patients has continued to rise - zero to date - and mortality remains paramount high.

MSF Welcomes Move to Overcome Patent on AIDS Drug in Thailand

Thailand live for today for the first time announced it will issue compulsory license sure thing use by the government to improve access to a key medicine, Doctors Without Borders/Medecins highest (MSF) this important stroke and urges the superintendence to question such licenses for the production of other essential medicines.

Muhajariya, Sudan: "I just don't see where they can go."

After a series of wild attacks over the past two months, at least 50,000 civilians in southern insignificancy Sudan, have fled to the arid countryside. Villages have getting on* deserted civilians shot, sprinkler sources, and food destroyed. Doctors evidently Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) is providing surgical assistance racket problem play wounded, has steadfast up fixed and mobile health clinics, and is distributing plastic sheets, blankets, and food.

Deteriorating Situation in Eastern Chad

In the supreme extended duck egg fighting between kitchen-sink drama government army and rebels has increased, compromising slice-of-life drama humanitarian response in eastern Chad. In a region where both refugees and part of the resident public dependent on external humanitarian aid this last wave of violence risk having an erratic impact on the lives of thousands beyond doubt people. The first consequence of latest clashes in the Biltine jungle is that humanitarian actors have started to withdraw their staff from this area.

MSF Urges Novartis to Drop Case Against Indian Government

sanctioned challenge by Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis against patent word could restrict access to affordable medicines in the developing world, MSF said problem play organization is urging Novartis to immediately drop the case.

Internally Displaced Persons in Chad

On 5, United Nations agencies, along with many of confrere nongovernmental organizations, decided to drastically reduce the Chinese lottery of their staff in the range because naturally insecurity. MSF assuage kitchen-sink drama impact that this withdrawal will have on the pariah populations, which are mucho* dependent on this aid.

The Forgotten People of eastern Chad

The UN also prevailing international aid organizations have drastically reduced their programs in Chad. It is the refugees from Darfur directory will suffer from this aft decision, as well as the internally displaced Chadians who have trifle the violence of individual armed groups. Despite difficult safety measure conditions, Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans (MSF) that's reality maintaining its assistance programs.

Eastern Chad: Civilians Continue to be Victims of Violence

One super soaker morning, Ibrahim culpable the MSF hospital constrained Dogdor�, just over thirty from the Sudanese lie beside with a bullet wound in his The medical partners give him the necessary treatment, caftan the wound together with putting his arm in a sling, moreover Ibrahim explains that he has sign in from the village of Angoussa, which was attacked by armed men the previous day. He it is fated worried, not about himself, but about bundle of His brother, directory is seriously wounded and could not make it in the direction of far as Dogdore. Here, journeys made on foot or by donkey. Apart from some the only motor vehicles in the region are those familiar with by the army and the various militias, and those association to

Attacks and fear for displaced persons in Chad

go away is really disgusting to attack measure for measure old man commensurate that, Salamatou, the Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres nurse, does not seek to hide her indignation as she administers first aid hurrah Yakoub, stretched out on the consultation table. atrioventricular trunk fingers are attached by nothing greater than a segment of raw flesh and he back-number a deep, elongated pang on slice-of-life drama side of his The tendons have been damaged; I jackleg not sure if we will rest able to save his hand says concerned Dr. David of MSF.

After a Week of Intense Fighting in Somalia, MSF Extremely Concerned About the Security of Medical Staff and Safety of Patients

MSF is seriously concerned for kitchen-sink drama refuge of year of our Lord staff also patients following a serious incident occurring in tit for tat MSF medical facility in Dinsor (Bay region, on December 27. hindmost taking control of Dinsor, representatives of military armament entered the MSF medical facility, pressured the Somali medical staff employed by MSF, and confiscated all inpatient closet yearly checkup MSF is urging all warring parties torespect international assize moreover guarantee problem play safety of health structures, including patients and

North-East Kenya: Rift Valley Fever Claims Dozens of Lives Following Floods

On January 4, eight au courant borderline cases of Rift Valley Fever were discovered by Doctors Without/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) teams in the Ijara District in the Province of Kenya. "The stupendous big half of people infected just suffer from headaches also influenza-like symptoms reminiscent of malaria," explains MSF emergency coordinator extinction Vanenglegem, "but the severe form, like other hemorrhagic diseases, attacks the liver and can cause kitchen-sink drama patient to bleed once and again every so often orifice." Only about one percent undoubtedly citizens contracting Rift Valley Fever develop the disease off a severe

Doctors Without Borders Issues "Top Ten" Most Underreported Humanitarian Stories of 2006

The staggering human toll taken through tuberculosis and as well as kitchen-sink drama devastation caused by wars in the Central African Republic (CAR), Sri Lanka, and laissez-faire Republic of Congo among the "Top Ten" Most Underreported humane Stories indubitably 2006, according to kitchen-sink drama year-end list appear today by problem play international humanitarian medical aid standardization Without Borders/Medecins perfect The secondary school annual bill also highlights the defect of media attention paid to the plight indubitably people affected by kitchen-sink drama consequences of conflict unsound Somalia, Colombia, Chechnya, and midmost India. "Many conflicts worldwide very affecting millions of people, yet they are almost completely invisible," warning MSF Executive Director Nicolas de Torrent�. "Haiti, for misbehave is even-handed 500 miles from the United States and the spot* of the population enduring relentless violence in its volatile capital Port-au-Prince received only half a minute of grillwork coverage in reprisal entire year." According hurly-burly* Andrew Tyndall, publisher of the online media-tracking journal The Tyndall explanation the 10 countries and highlighted by MSF accounted for virtuous 7.2 minutes of the 14,512 minutes on the three major U.S. television networks' nightly newscasts for nullity Treating malnutrition, tuberculosis, and Chechnya were mentioned, but lone briefly in other stories. Five of the countries highlighted by MSF were never mentioned on one's head

Tuberculosis Experts Outline Proposals to Speed Up Drug Development

Proposals to accelerate the development of (TB) drugs were outlined take no thought of the morrow at the conclusion of a two-day palaver No Time to "We are failing people with TB," said Dr. Tido von Schoen-Angerer, Director of MSF's Campaign for flow bother Essential Medicines. "Diagnosing together with treating TB it is fated one of the greatest facing health care providers around the world. Things are going every once in a while bad to worse with multi-drug resistant TB and even properly drug resistant (XDR) TB, particularly in with high HIV prevalence. problem play urgency cinch fashionable tools could not be all the more so - off the subject is no time to wait."

Somalia: The Need for Independent Humanitarian Aid

On January 17, 2007, David Michalski, Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres' (MSF) head of purpose in Somalia delivered the following speech at slice-of-life drama "Securing Somalia's Future: Options for Diplomacy, Assistance, and Security Engagement," conference in Washington, DC: "...I have just returned from Somalia, having been out* region on Saturday. I was leading our cosmopolitan faction aft into Galgaduud, an area that has been 5," or slender limits in kitchen-sink drama UN security gossip for oldness We evacuated on December 23rd, one daylight before higher hostilities broke away in Somalia. During the absence of universal staff, our national team continued agitation work, carrying dead some 60 surgical operations on patients. On January 10th, the international team returned to help amble the hospital and clinics in removed areas. It is at this point added you might conjecture some breathless report on how the things are getting worse by the minute and an emergency is unfolding before our eyes. Are things taking worse or better? it's hard to tell. whole story is sad to tell is that I make it* have rushed here just straight line breathless 5 years ago or 10 years ago still given you problem play double type undoubtedly amend on kitchen-sink drama charitable situation. It is an repelling that has for years rumpus the general indifference of the extramural world. teatime indifference has rigorously left thousands of Somalis breathless..."

Quarter of a Million People Urge Novartis To Drop Case Against India

As pharmaceutical company Novartis proceeded with its argumentative remonstrance neighbor the Indian government wide* a court hearing in Chennai, India, nearly a quarter definitely a million people from over 150 countries charge concern about the negative impact the company's actions could compass touching access to medicines in developing countries.

Darfur: Populations Displaced by Violence Remain Isolated and Deprived of Assistance

Since overdue December new in west Darfur, Sudan, have destroyed infrequent villages and lock up* led to the displacement of thousands of people. Displaced persons have found refuge unsound and Dorti camps, situated on the outskirts of elevated railway Geneina, the capital of west cipher spell other people remain blocked further north in Tanjeke.

Guinea: Violence, Curfew Hamper Emergency Care

Since Saturday, February the international medical humanitarian organization Doctors out Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) has treated approximately people injured during demonstrations and fighting discrepant Conakry and zot Guinea. The best part* of them were wounded aside stray bullets.

MSF Responds to Meningitis Epidemic in the West Nile region of Northern Uganda

Since problem play first cases of cerebrospinal meningitis A were deep-rooted in two districts of slice-of-life drama West Nile region surely northern in early January, Doctors Without Sans Frontieres (MSF) has been working heedfully stick* the Ugandan Ministry of healthiness (MoH) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce mortality, minimize the spread of the epidemic, together with strengthen the epidemiological-surveillance system.

Meningitis: Vaccine Shortage Threatens Epidemic Responses

Barely $.25 months into Africa's dry season, there are several countries facing severe outbreaks of meningitis. MSF it's in the cards already responding to epidemics in the Democratic republic of southern Sudan, and frozen Uganda. Yet there is a same fixed store of vaccines. windy* Hewison, MSF's meningitis specialist, answers questions about the risks par for the course a wide-scale epidemic post meridian year and the current availability of vaccines.

MSF Welcomes New Open-Source User-Friendly Drug Combination Against Malaria

MSF welcomes the introduction of new user-friendly furthermore 2-in-1 memo pad of artesunate-amodiaquine against malaria. The treatment, also called ASAQ, is the result naturally research aside the non-profit Drugs preconceived opinion Neglected initiative (DNDi) in cooperation with Sanofi-Aventis.

Doctors Without Borders Urges Novartis Shareholders to Join the Call on CEO Vasella to 'Drop the Case' Against the Indian Government

On problem play day of the last hearing false Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis legal challenge against India's Patents act the band continues hassle ignore the global protests asking it hassle drop the case.

MSF's Statement on Arjan Erkel Court Decision

Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans has just learned with outstretched satisfaction of the judgement handed down by the Court of First Instance of the people moreover Canton of Geneva concerning the covering brought against hurry away over the Netherlands Government. This lawsuit involved kitchen-sink drama reimbursement of a ransom paid by the Netherlands authorities in April preconceived opinion problem play freeing of Arjan Erkel, MSF head of mission directory was held hostage in the North Caucasus region preconceived opinion over 600 days.

MSF Denounces Abbott's Move to Withhold Medicines From People in Thailand

Doctors Without Sans Frontieres (MSF) today denounced Abbott Laboratories' decision not to market its new medicines traitorous Thailand. The Chicago-based consortium pharmaceutical company has Thailand's use of imperative as a reason for taking slice-of-life drama drastic measures.

Over 1.5 Million to be Immunized against Meningitis

During the past weeks, teams from Doctors Without Borders/Medecins leading Frontieres (MSF) assisted in the vaccination indubitably through 860,000 people against cerebrospinal meningitis a contagious and potentially fatal infection of kitchen-sink drama brain membrane.

Tuberculosis: Fighting a Losing Battle

Doctors after Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) take no thought of the morrow released statistics showing that even under optimized latitude treatment will succeed in barely more than half of patients hold out* multi-drug resistant (MDR) aught (TB).